Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool …
Honey crystallization the formation and growth of sugar crystals in a container of honey. Crystallization could be a natural action and not an indication of adulteration or spoilage. Because of its physical properties, honey at the start tends towards natural crystallization, as it is a supersaturated sugar solution. Honey is especially comprised of 2 sugars: …
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Heat treatment methods for carbon and alloy steel pipe contain four primary types: normalizing, annealing, quenching and tempering. It’ll improve steel material mechanical properties, uniform chemical composition, and machinability. Heat treatment for steel metal materials is divided into integral heat treatment, surface heat treatment and chemical heat treatment. Steel pipe usually adopts the integral heat …
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Microwaves (MWs) are electromagnetic (EM) waves, that are synchronized perpendicularly oscillations of electrical and magnetic fields that propagate at the speed of light during a free space. MWs are characterised by the frequency (between three hundred MHz and three hundred GHz) and therefore the wavelength (ranging from 1 m to 1 mm). According to the …
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Infrared (IR) technology is extremely energy-efficient, less water-consuming, and environmentally friendly compared to standard heating. Further, it’s also characterised by homogeneity of heating, high heat transfer rate, low heating time, low energy consumption, improved product quality, and food safety. Infrared technology is utilized in several food producing processes, like drying, boiling, heating, peeling, polyphenol recovery, …
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Water vapor drastically reduces the net calorific value (NCV) of biogas, thereby affecting the energy performance of elements within which it’s used as a biofuel (engines, turbines, boilers, burners, etc.). Therefore, before utilizing biogas as energy, it’s suggested to reduce its moisture content as much as attainable by any means available. Such moisture reduction is …
Moisture analysers, generally called “moisture balances”, are utilized to measure the moisture content in various kinds of samples including solids, liquids, and gases. Trace moisture in solids must be controlled for plastics, pharmaceuticals and heat treatment processes. Gas or liquid measurement applications include dry air, hydrocarbon processing, pure semiconductor gases, and bulk pure gases, dielectric …
Composite materials are totally different established on their purpose: short-fibre reinforced thermoset plastics for large automobile body components, long-fibre reinforced thermoplastics for high-strength structural components, and woven roving’s for wind energy plants or filament windings for sleeves and pressure cylinders. They all have in common that they’re to be made within the most cost-effective method. …
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Encapsulation involves the incorporation of food ingredients, enzymes, cells or different materials in small capsules. Applications for this method have increased within the food industry since the encapsulated materials may be protected against moisture, heat or different extreme conditions, so enhancing their stability and maintaining viability. Encapsulation in foods is also utilized to mask odours …
Potash includes various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form. The name derives from pot ash, that refers to plant ashes or wood ash soaked in water during a pot that was the first means of manufacturing the product before the industrial Era. The word “potassium” is derived from “potash”. Potash is …
